The Sufic and the Sultanic: The role of Bahā’ al-Dīn Zakariyā in Iltutmish’s dual religious projection in the early Delhi Sultanate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Between 1211 and 1236, Sultan Iltutmish presided over the emergence of the first major Muslim imperial polity in South Asia, the Delhi Sultanate. As a former military slave on the geographical outskirts of the Islamic world, his reign was as simultaneously novel as it was lacking in legitimacy. Many earlier studies have sought a clear-cut, politicized explanation for Iltutmish's success, relying on positivist readings of primary royal sources that unvaryingly championed the sultan. This thesis examines the sultan's personal relationship with the eminent Suhrawardī Sufi Bahā’ al-Dīn Zakariyā of Multan to reveal an additional Sufic facet of the sultanate’s religious environment. Sufi and royal sources are reconsidered alongside modern scholarship to establish that Iltutmish's royal and religious legitimacy was based upon both Sufic ideals of worldly authority as well as aristocratic Perso-Islamic ideals of kingship and that Bahā’ al-Dīn Zakariyā proved pivotal in bridging them together
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".