Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy improves pain and plantar pressure in patients with early-to-mid-stage unilateral knee osteoarthritis: a retrospective before-after controlled study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT) on pain and plantar pressure in patients with early-to-mid-stage unilateral knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods Fifty patients with early-to-mid-stage KOA who received treatment at the Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Clinic of the People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region between January 2025 and June 2025 were selected. General patient data, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores for pain, Lequesne index scores, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores, and plantar pressure results before and after treatment were collected. Results VAS scores at all post-treatment assessment time points were significantly decreased compared to pre-treatment values (all P < 0.05). Post-treatment, the Heel Force Weight percentage (HFW) decreased, while the High-Pressure Point (HPP), Average Pressure (AP), Foot Body Weight percentage (FBW), Contact Area (CA), and Forefoot Force Weight percentage (FFW) increased compared to pre-treatment values (all P < 0.05). Dynamic plantar pressure in the third and fourth metatarsals (M34), fifth metatarsal (M5), arch (FM), and heel (FH) significantly increased after treatment (all P < 0.05). The Lysholm score increased and the WOMAC score decreased significantly after treatment (all P < 0.05). Conclusion rESWT can significantly alleviate knee joint pain and promote the recovery of knee joint function in patients with KOA, thereby reducing the degree of abnormality in plantar pressure distribution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".