Deformation temperature-driven evolution of microstructure, interface, mechanical, and electrical properties in Al/Cu hybrid conductors: Revealing interfacial extruded Cu regions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multilayer metallic composites have attracted considerable interest within scientific and industrial communities owing to their superior synergistic properties and suitability for advanced engineering applications. In this study, Al/Cu multilayer hybrid composites are fabricated via roll bonding at three deformation temperatures (25, 250, and 350 °C) to investigate their effects on microstructural evolution, interfacial characteristics, and resultant mechanical and electrical properties. The results indicate that at a deformation temperature of 350 °C, a unique bonding mechanism emerges, characterized by the formation of interfacial extruded Cu regions containing nanoscale grains (<100 nm) at the Al/Cu interface. This phenomenon represents a novel interfacial evolution pathway in roll-bonded Al/Cu composites. Deformation bands in the Al layers significantly promote dynamic recrystallization (DRX) by initiating subgrain formation and facilitating the misorientation necessary for grain boundary transformation. By contrast, DRX is absent in Cu layers owing to limited recovery/ boundary mobility. The maximum improvements in the yield and ultimate tensile strengths are achieved at room temperature (25 °C), with enhancements of 187 % (140 MPa) and 93 % (184 MPa), respectively, relative to rule-of-mixtures predictions. The sample processed at 350 °C exhibits the highest electrical conductivity of 73.4 % International Annealed Copper Standard, which is a 15.6 % enhancement relative to the baseline Al. Work hardening, grain boundary, and hetero-deformation induced hardening/strengthening are the dominant strengthening mechanisms affecting mechanical properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".