3D hydrostratigraphic architecture of a Late Pleistocene buried valley infill at Kurikka, west-central Finland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Almost 70 % of drinking water in Finland is derived from groundwater in complex glacial and interglacial sediments. The thick (∼70 m) late Pleistocene stratigraphic infill of an extensive (>200 km 2 ) buried bedrock valley cut into the underlying crystalline strata of the Fennoscandian Shield at Kurikka in west-central Finland hosts a complex aquifer system that will be used for municipal water for some 150 000 people. This paper briefly reports ongoing hydrostratigraphic and hydrogeological modelling work, the largest current groundwater investigation of its kind on Finland, aimed at improved management of this strategic water supply. This study integrates geological and downhole geophysical data (resistivity, susceptibility, natural gamma/gamma-gamma density) from some 211 boreholes including seismic reflection profiling, to develop a 3D hydrostratigraphic model of the valley fill based on some 1412 km of geological cross-sections. 18 unconformity-bounded depositional systems are recognized within the fill that record successive phases of deposition during the penultimate glaciation (Saalian till: DS4, ca. 191–130 ka) resting on an older sediment unit of indeterminate age (DS1–DS3, >200 ka), Saalian ice-marginal deposits (DS5), Saalian composite (DS6 ca. 191–130 ka), a thick composite Late Saalian-Eemian-Early-Weichselian sediment package (DS7, ca. 130–74 ka), Weichselian succession (DS9–DS14, ca. 74–12 ka), Late Weichselian deglaciation (DS15, ca. 11 ka) and Holocene postglacial sediments (DS16–18, 11ka – present day). The modelling approach used here provides a framework for investigation of groundwater resources elsewhere in Finland where detailed studies are needed to address the impacts of future climate change on water resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".