A New Panel Element Tester for the Investigation of Reinforced Concrete Behavior under Non-proportional Load Paths
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The first Panel Element Tester was conceived by Vecchio and Collins at the University of Toronto in the late 1970s. This apparatus allows for the mechanical testing of concrete elements under combined in-plane normal and shear stresses and provided important experimental insights into the behavior of reinforced concrete leading to the development of the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT). A next-generation version of this testing rig has been constructed at EPFL, Switzerland, to study reinforced concrete and other materials subject to general, non-proportional load trajectories. The EPFL Panel Element Tester features increased hydraulic capacity as well as servo-actuator control to allow for real-time, independent command of shear and normal stresses, enabling a more extensive range of testing protocols. This paper presents the design of the EPFL Panel Element Tester, including descriptions of the mechanical, hydraulic and control systems. Alternate potential configurations of the modular, bolted design are also presented. Moreover, it is shown through linear analysis that a redesigned connection point eliminating geometric eccentricity between the actuator links and the reinforced concrete panel improves the uniformity of stresses in the tested panel elements
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".