Kingship and Queenship in the Ancient Near Eastern Empires of the 1st Millennium BCE: The Economic Basis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The institution of kingship, and to a much lesser degree of queenship, has long been of major interest to ancient historians. However, the focus is usually on a single empire or on a comparison between two or three empires, e.g., the Neo-Assyrian and the Roman ones. This paper provides a consistent diachronical comparison over a millennium on the economic basis of the social institution across seven major empires (Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Teispid-Achaemenid, Seleukid, Ptolemaic, Arsacid, and Roman) with geographical as well as chronological overlap. It further includes systematically kingship as well as queenship, explicates the scope of available sources, and explores the distinction between ‘state’ and ‘royal’ assets (and expenses) to a hitherto unprecedented degree. This elicits important insights into the long-durée dynamics regarding the roles of the ‘head-of-state’ and the ‘leading lady’ within the economic systems of the ancient Near Eastern empires of the 1st millennium BCE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".