From Jerusalem, 1929, to Constantine, 1934
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Sheikh ͑ Abd al-Ḥamīd Ben Bādīs (1889–1940), the most esteemed Islamic scholar ( ālim ) of interwar Algeria and leader of Algerian Salafist Islamic reform movement, had things to say about Jews and their relationship to Muslims. Writings published in his journal, al-Shihāb (The Meteor) surrounding several incidents of Muslim–Jewish violence in Algeria and Palestine reveal his dual understanding of Jews. He saw Jews as historically woven into the Islamic world—a protected, valued, and culturally vibrant community. But he cast modern-day Jews as a privileged, provocative, and threatening group. Read together, we see a critique of colonialism that he understood as having transformed Jews, derailing a previously harmonious coexistence. Notably, Britain and France's colonial policies had given privileges to Jews that were denied to Muslims, producing social unrest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".