A Single-Layer Bidirectional Metal-Less Quad-Beam Antenna Array for Millimeter-Wave Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper introduces a single-layer, metal-less, quadbeam bidirectional antenna (MQBA) array, designed for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. The MQBA array comprises high-permittivity unit cells made from automotive coolant (AC), which is a mixture of ethylene glycol and water, and low-permittivity unit cells composed of polylactic acid (PLA). The AC-based unit cells enhance reflection because of their high permittivity, while the PLA-based unit cells support efficient transmission due to their low permittivity. This significant dielectric contrast generates a phase shift in both the reflected and transmitted electromagnetic (EM) fields. Consequently, the proposed MQBA array enables simultaneous bidirectional quadbeam operation in both transmission and reflection modes. An aperture efficiency (AE) of 39.8% (beam 1) and 32.1% (beam 2) are achieved in reflection, with realized gains of 24.5 and 23.6 dBi, respectively. In the transmission mode, the AE reaches 38% (beam 3) and 43% (beam 4), with realized gains of 24.3 and 25.1 dBi, respectively. Side-lobe levels (SLLs) are reduced by 20 dB and 19.1 dB in reflection, and 21.2 dB and 22 dB in transmission, respectively. Moreover, the design achieves a remarkably low cross-polarization (x-pol) of –80 dB.With these high-performance metrics, the MQBA is suitable for mm-wave applications, offering a superior alternative to existing bidirectional antennas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".