Release and transport of As and Sb in a tailings containment area at the Giant Mine, Northwest Territories, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Giant Mine, Yellowknife, NT, Canada (1948–1999) is undergoing one of the largest remediation projects in Canadian history. Closure and long-term management of tailings containment areas (TCA) is strengthened by hydrogeochemical investigation of mechanisms controlling contaminant metal(loid) release and attenuation. The Northwest TCA (NW-TCA) at the mine (As: 2890 ± 730 mg kg⁻¹; Sb: 210 ± 71 mg kg⁻¹) stores roaster residue and flotation tailings and has been subjected to weathering for the past 25 years. The TCA also retains mine dewatering effluent (As: 22.2 ± 4.7 mg L -1 ; Sb: 0.79 ± 0.11 mg L -1 ) prior to treatment. This study integrates solid-phase characterization, aqueous geochemistry, and in situ gas measurements to delineate depth dependent dissolution and attenuation processes. Acid−base accounting indicates the tailings pose low or no acid-generation risk. Oxygen gas concentrations indicate sulfide oxidation extends to 4 m depth. Oxidative dissolution of sulfide minerals in the vadose zone releases As, Sb, Zn, Co, Ni, and Cu to the porewater. A portion of this As is subsequently incorporated into secondary Fe(III)-(oxyhydr)oxide phases. Below the oxidation zone, reducing conditions drive As and Sb release by reductive dissolution of Fe(III)-bearing roaster calcines. At the base of the TCA, highly reducing conditions result in partial As sequestration through sulfate reduction and secondary As sulfide precipitation. Infiltration of mine dewatering effluent has resulted in elevated groundwater As in areas influenced by the holding pond. Effective management of As and Sb requires consideration of spatial- and temporal-dependent mobilization and attenuation processes within the TCA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".