Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article examines the lives, philosophies, and wartime/postwar activism of Edmond Fleg (1874–1963) and Vladimir Jankélévitch (1903–1985), two Jewish intellectuals in twentieth-century France deeply influenced by Henri Bergson's philosophy of time, creativity, and hope. Both Fleg and Jankélévitch were active in the Resistance during World War II. Fleg taught clandestine classes for Jewish youth that promoted pluralism as a strength within the Jewish community and beyond. Jankélévitch wrote anti-fascist works for underground publications and shifted to a deeper engagement with Jewish themes, especially related to messianism and moral responsibility. After the war, Fleg supported the nascent State of Israel while also focusing on the need to nurture diasporic Jewish culture. Jankélévitch balanced loyalty to Israel's existence with the readiness to critique its policies, especially after the 1982 Lebanon invasion, advocating for mutual recognition between Israelis and Palestinians. Fleg and Jankélévitch model engaged, pluralistic Jewishness grounded in ethical action, intellectual rigor, and openness to change. Their work encourages holding multiple truths in tension—valuing both Jewish particularity and a deep compassion for humanity—and confronting moral crises through study, dialogue, and activism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".