Experimental Study on Hydro-Mechanical Behavior and Damage Evolution in Tunnel Surroundings with Different Lithologies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding the mechanical properties of surrounding rocks is essential for the safe construction of tunnels. This study investigates dolomite and sandstone from the Yuxi section of the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project as research subjects. Through a series of laboratory tests, we compared the differences between dolomite and sandstone in terms of microstructure, water absorption characteristics, mechanical properties, and failure behaviors. A damage constitutive model was also developed to predict the damage state of rocks under specific stress conditions. The results show that sandstone, although stronger in the dry state, develops pronounced water driven pore enlargement, rapid permeability growth during unloading, and significant strength loss, which together increase the susceptibility to seepage induced failure and water inrush. Dolomite exhibits fracture controlled porosity, irreversible permeability reduction under stress cycling, and a brittle to ductile transition under water weakening, which promotes localized deformation and hidden instability near the tunnel boundary. The proposed model reproduces these distinct damage paths and provides a quantitative link between microstructure, saturation, and macroscopic failure. Based on these mechanisms, lithology targeted measures are recommended, including double gradient grouting and sealing systems in dolomite sections and high energy absorption anchoring with strict water control in sandstone sections. The findings supply a mechanism based design basis for tunnels in interbedded carbonate clastic formations in Southwest China. • Experimental comparison reveals strength-permeability differences between dolomite and sandstone under varying water contents. • Developed an AE-based damage model calibrated with Weibull statistics and the Drucker–Prager failure criterion. • Recommend lithology-tailored construction: double-gradient grouting for dolomite, high-NPR anchoring for sandstone tunnels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".