Analytical simulation of the thermal behaviour of parallel-series configurations of helical steel piles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The high initial cost of boreholes required for ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems is prompting a search for more cost-effective alternatives. This paper explores the use of helical steel piles (HSPs) as dual-purpose geo-exchange systems, offering both structural support and thermal energy exchange capabilities, and presenting a more economical option compared to traditional boreholes. In this study, an analytical approach utilizing the finite line source (FLS) model is developed to examine and compare the thermal performance of HSPs in various configurations—parallel, series, and mixed. For each configuration, the model dynamically computes the heat transfer rate of each pile as well as the overall inlet fluid temperature of the pile configuration. The proposed method has been validated against literature-reported test cases, demonstrating its accuracy and efficiency. The results indicate that the thermal efficiency of HSPs is similar to that of boreholes, and in the studied test case, HSPs were shown to perform better when the configurations were identical. However, comparisons may become unfair and are not advisable when the heights of the boreholes and piles are different. Moreover, the efficiency of various pile configurations varies significantly with their series or parallel arrangements as well as their flow rates, suggesting that the selection of pile arrangement and operational parameters should be carefully considered to optimize performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".