Effect of frosting on performance and greenhouse gas emissions of absorption heat pumps in cold climates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Air source heat pumps can be used as an alternative to natural gas furnaces in efforts to reduce annual heating energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, in cold climates, the performance of air source heat pumps can be affected by frost formation on the evaporator surface. The performance reduction will in turn lead to an increase in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aims to quantify the effect of frosting on the performance, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of natural gas driven air source heat pumps called gas absorption heat pumps (GAHPs) in eight different Canadian cities.GAHPs experienced between 1%-2% increase in energy consumption due to frosting across the 8 different Canadian cities. In comparison, electric air source heat pumps (ASHPs) may experience up to 20% increase in energy consumption. Therefore, GAHPs could be a potential replacement for natural gas furnace heating, over ASHPs, in cold climates (where frosting is a prevalent problem).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".