The Relationship between Mechanical Strength and Hydrogen Embrittlement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter is intended to provide the non-specialist with a concise summary of the current state of our knowledge regarding the metallurgical aspects of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and its consequences on delayed fracture (DF) in modern grades of advanced high strength steels (AHSS). This topic presents some of the greatest experimental and modeling challenges in physical metallurgy. The available literature is extensive and, unfortunately, often contradictory. A unified theory of HE in steels does not yet exist, but steady progress toward this goal is being made. In particular, recent rapid advances in observation and measurement techniques as well as in computing power are playing a crucial role in developing our understanding of this complex problem. As early as 1873, Johnson reported that temporary immersion in hydrochloric or sulfuric acid caused an extraordinary decrease in the toughness and mechanical strength of steel (Johnson 1873), a phenomenon all the more remarkable because once removed from the acid, the metal slowly regained its original properties (reversible embrittlement).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".