Euphorbia davidii in Vojvodina (Serbia) – its status seventeen years later
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Species Euphorbia davidii Subils within E. dentata group (toothed spurge) is native in North Mexico, USA and Canada, and South America (Argentina). It was introduced in Europe with crop seeds from North America and spread from 1960s to 1980s. The populations in Serbia (Vojvodina) were first observed in 2007 in the crop fields, and the expansion was confirmed in 2013. In 2024, the same locations where this invasive species was first found were surveyed. Phytosociological relevés were collected where the invasive milkweed species was recorded. On an area of 25 m2, the number of individuals ranged from 2 to 50. The plants had established and spread from the cultivated areas in a narrow strip of natural habitat at the edge of arable lands, all the way to the field road. This research, conducted 17 years after the first discovery and identification of the toothed spurge in Serbia, confirmed that the invasive milkweed species is spreading from arable fields to surrounding arable areas as well as natural habitats. These uncultivated strips are dominated by Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. It indicates that these habitats are hotspots for the spread of E. davidii. Euphorbia davidii has shown resistance to glyphosate-based herbicides in Argentina for many years, likely as a result of the intensive cultivation of GMO soybeans. In Serbia, resistance has not yet been confirmed. However, field experience shows that in sunflower, most common crops growing in this area, this weed is very difficult to control, and its impact on yield is significant - sunflower heads remain small and underdeveloped, leading many farmers to abandon the cultivation of this crop altogether. All of these points to the serious problems this species can cause and highlights the urgent need to investigate effective methods for its control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".