Measuring Self-Regulated Learning for Chinese International and Canadian Domestic Undergraduate Students in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Self-regulated learning (SRL) is essential for academic success. Research shows that culture influences the engagement in SRL processes. However, there are limited cross-cultural studies investigating SRL; therefore, we aimed to validate an SRL measurement for Chinese international and Canadian domestic undergraduate students and to examine if the relationships between SRL engagement and academic performance differ across the two groups. First, we investigated the measurement invariance of the Regulation of Learning Questionnaire for both groups. Our findings confirmed the metric invariance across these cultural groups and identified items contributing to the scalar non-invariance. Additionally, we found that goal management was significantly associated with Canadian students' course grades only, at the middle and end of a 4-month academic semester. In contrast, monitoring was significantly associated with semester GPA for both groups at the middle of the semester. Our findings emphasize the significance of evaluating measurement invariance across cultures and contribute to the extant literature on the relationship between culture and SRL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".