Metabolic Regulatory Mechanism of Gastric Motility by Acetylcholine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Acetylcholine (ACh), a crucial neurotransmitter for gastric contractions, induces triphasic contraction in stomach. However, the precise mechanism of ACh-induced phasic contractions (AiPCs) remains unclear. Recent data suggest the chloride channel (Cl- channel) may be the principal channel for AiPC in the stomach. Previous studies demonstrated that the opening of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel inhibits AiPC. However, it has not been studied whether inhibition of energy metabolism can regulate AiPC in gastric smooth muscles via this channel. This study investigated whether AiPC in gastric smooth muscle are mediated by chloride channels and modulated by KATP channels under conditions of energy metabolism inhibition. Methods: Isolated gastric smooth muscle strips from mice and humans were used to record isometric contraction. The subunits of Cl- and KATP channels were evaluated by Western blot. Results: Niflumic acid and 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS), known to block the Cl- channel, inhibited AiPC in gastric smooth muscles of mice. Sodium cyanide (NaCN) and dextro-mannitol, which inhibit energy metabolism, reduced AiPC in gastric smooth muscles of mice. NaCN also lowered AiPC in gastric smooth muscles of humans and vasomotion in human arterial smooth muscles. By Western blot, subunits of the KATP and Cl- channels were identified in gastric smooth muscles of mice and arterial smooth muscles of humans. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate that suppression of energy metabolism reduces AiPC through activation of KATP channels in both murine and human gastric smooth muscle, linking metabolic state to excitatory neurotransmission. Vasomotions in arterial smooth muscles of humans are also decreased by inhibition of energy metabolism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".