Overt diabetes prognosis in the field of gestational diabetes mellitus: Protocol of a systematic review comparing insulin, metformin and diet therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract 1. Background: A significant increase in the reported prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been observed. While most affected women regain normal glucose tolerance postpartum, approximately 35–60% remain at risk of developing diabetes after pregnancy (DAP) within 10–20 years. This ongoing review focuses on long-term maternal metabolic outcomes and the management of GDM to prevent or delay progression to overt postpartum diabetes. 2. Objectives: Although landmark studies have demonstrated the efficacy of cornerstone interventions—insulin, metformin, and dietary therapy—comparative evidence to guide the selection of one strategy over another remains limited. The objective of this protocol is to ascertain the most efficacious therapeutic approaches for women with GDM during pregnancy and the postpartum period. 3. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy will be employed, encompassing major bibliographic databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov. In addition, a meticulous review of diabetes-focused journals will be conducted, complemented by a thorough examination of the reference lists of relevant publications. The temporal scope of the search will extend from the year 2000 onwards, encompassing the most recent developments in the field. Two authors will independently screen studies, extract data manually, and assess risk of bias using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool and a combination of the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) and ROBINS-I. The certainty of evidence will be evaluated using GRADE. Given the anticipated heterogeneity, findings will be synthesized narratively and stratified by study design (randomized controlled trials vs. cohort studies). This review is distinguished by its broader evidence base, up-to-date synthesis, and more comprehensive methodological approach. 4. Results: This is a study protocol; therefore, no results are available at this stage. 5. Conclusions: This protocol outlines a systematic review designed to determine whether the selective use of treatments during pregnancy and after delivery influences long-term risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with the goal of comparing personalized postpartum prevention strategies. 6. Registration: This protocol was developed in accordance with PRISMA-P guidance and systematic search recommendations and is publicly registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD420251039675). It is not an update of a previous systematic review protocol and has not undergone peer review.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.098 | 0.100 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.017 | 0.018 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.013 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.044 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".