Sex-biased expression of enteroendocrine cell-derived hormones contributes to higher fat storage in Drosophila females
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Enteroendocrine (EE) cells in the Drosophila gut produce and release multiple factors, including Allatostatin A (AstA), Allatostatin C (AstC), neuropeptide F (NPF), tachykinin (Tk), Diuretic hormone 31 (Dh31), Bursicon, CCHamide 1 (CCHa1) and CCHamide 2 (CCHa2), and short neuropeptide F (sNPF). Collectively, these peptides ensure that physiology (e.g., fat storage, fluid balance) and behavior (e.g., feeding, sleep) are coordinated with environmental factors such as nutrient quantity and quality. Despite notable sex differences in physiology and behavior, it remains unclear whether the regulation and function of these EE cell-derived factors is shared between males and females. Given that recent data identified sex-biased physiological effects of two EE cell-derived hormones on Drosophila food intake and energy mobilization, we performed a detailed characterization of these hormones in male and female flies. Despite an overall male bias in mRNA levels of AstA, AstC, Tk, NPF, Dh31 in the whole body and head, we observed a strong female bias in mRNA levels of AstC, Tk, and NPF in the gut. To determine whether this sex-biased regulation was physiologically significant, we monitored triglyceride levels in flies with gut-specific loss of EE cell-derived hormones. In 5-day-old flies, loss of either EE cell-derived AstC or Tk reduced fat storage in females with no effect in males. These female-specific effects on fat storage were reproduced in flies with neuron-specific loss of the AstC (AstC-R2) and Tk receptors (TkR99D). Together, these data uncover strongly sex-biased regulation of EE cell-derived hormones, and show that gut-specific loss of two of these hormones had a female-specific effect on body fat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".