Systematic Parameter Optimization for Electrospraying of PVA and PVP Aqueous Solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study systematically optimizes the key electrospraying parameters—flow rate, applied voltage, and nozzle-collector distance—for generating polymer micro/nanospheres from aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Solutions at concentrations of 10%–15% w/v were characterized by conductivity measurements, revealing a significant solvent-dependent effect (450 µS/m–590 µS/m for water vs. 44 µS/m–56 µS/m for ethanol). Through iterative testing, two distinct sets of optimal parameters were identified: 10% PVA at 20 µL/h, 25 kV, and 12 cm distance, and 15% PVP at 10 µL/h, 30 kV, and 14 cm distance. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) confirmed a significant interaction between polymer type and concentration on solution conductivity (p< 0.05). Strict environmental control (≤24 °C, ≤44% RH) was essential for process stability. Optical microscopy confirmed the formation of structures under the optimized conditions. This work establishes a reproducible parametric framework for the electrospraying of PVA and PVP, providing a critical foundation for the subsequent development of functional polymer particles for potential applications in catalysis and drug delivery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".