Diabetes Mellitus in Canada: An Epidemiologic Analysis on Data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System, 2016-2017
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diabetes is a major public health issue in Canada. The purpose of this epidemiologic study is to describe diabetes by sex and year, explore plausible explanations for observed sex-related differences over time, and propose evidence-based top-down population health recommendations that can be implemented to protect populations from developing diabetes and diabetes-related complications. In this study, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS) was collected. Calculations were performed to obtain period prevalence (frequency of disease), cumulative incidence (risk of developing disease), case-fatality (severity), and crude mortality (death rate). Epidemiologic calculations were performed separately for males and females in 2016 and 2017, resulting in four estimates for each of the four measures of disease. Male diabetes prevalence was 1.9% higher than female diabetes prevalence in 2017. Males were at a greater cumulative risk of developing diabetes compared to women; 4.6 new cases per 1000 males compared to 4.0 new cases per 1000 females. Diabetes was more severe for females compared to males; 7.1 deaths per 10 000 diabetes cases among females compared to 6.3 deaths per 10 000 diabetes cases among males. Despite the higher severity in females, diabetes death rate was higher for males than females; 7.9 deaths per 100 000 males compared to 7.4 deaths per 100 000 females. Prevalence and incidence of diabetes increased among both sexes from 2016 to 2017. Case-fatality and mortality from diabetes increased among females from 2016 to 2017 and decreased among males. A combination of factors can explain observed sex differences of diabetes. Increased visceral fat, increased obesity, testosterone deficiency, multimorbidity, and uncontrolled diabetes can explain the higher morbidity and mortality of diabetes among men. Population health interventions of fiscal policy and school-based programs can deter populations from type 2 diabetes and its related modifiable risk factors in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".