Axial Performance of Steel Piles in Sand and their Implications for Polymer-Based Coatings, Composite Strengthening, and Soil–Polymer Interaction Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Polymer-based coatings, composite wraps, and functional polymer interfaces are increasingly used to enhance the durability and axial performance of steel piles in infrastructure applications. The establishment of baseline behavior of uncoated piles is a prerequisite for the design of integrated polymer systems. This paper presents an experimental comparison of the axial performance of H-section steel and closed-ended pipe piles embedded in poorly graded sand (SP) at 58% relative density. Eighteen static load tests were carried out on single piles and 2-pile and 4-pile groups using L/D ratios of 10 and 15. H-piles consistently demonstrated higher ultimate capacities because of soil plug formation, better interface shear mobilization, and densification during driving. Capacity gains with increasing L/D were as high as 109%, and up to 365% in H-pile groups. The test results establish a benchmark dataset for developing polymer-coated, polymer-modified, and FRP-strengthened pile systems and contribute to advances in polymer applications in geotechnical and infrastructure engineering.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".