PERA-Pay: A Power-Efficient and Robust Architecture for NFC Payment Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a widely utilized wireless communication technology, particularly in smart cities and payment systems. However, its safety remains a significant concern due to vulnerabilities to threats such as relay, replay, and man-in-the-middle. An advanced relay model using wearable passive relays recently extended the NFC communication range to over 49.6 centimeters, which raised huge concerns among users. Despite prior efforts to enhance protection, new relay threats persisted at the architectural level. To address these concerns, we proposed PERA-Pay, an enhanced architecture for payment systems that are compliant with the NFC-based contactless specification and designed to resist relay invasions in both traditional and mobile payment systems. Our approach strengthens the payment system through a prediction model and a challenge-response scheme with extended key generation through an energy-efficient architecture. This architecture also effectively protects not only against traditional hardware-level invasions but also against advanced relay threats. The evaluation demonstrated that PERA-Pay improves NFC payment safety by preventing modern relay threats, while reducing energy consumption significantly against the base system and the state-of-the-art as well, an aspect overlooked in prior research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".