Free, Prior, and Informed Consent in Indonesia’s Mining Law: Comparative Lessons from Canada and Norway
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article discusses the lack of explicit regulation of the principle of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) in Indonesia's mining law system, particularly in relation to the protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. Using a normative legal approach and comparative law methods, this study analyses the regulation of FPIC in Canada and Norway to assess the extent to which the Indonesian legal system can adopt similar principles. The results show that although Indonesia has recognized the existence of indigenous peoples in several laws and regulations, there is no legal mechanism that guarantees their meaningful involvement in the mining licensing process. Meanwhile, Canada and Norway have established legal frameworks that enable the substantive involvement of indigenous peoples through constitutional recognition, indigenous representative institutions, and consultation obligations by the state and corporations. This article recommends regulatory reforms in Indonesia to systematically adopt FPIC principles in mining law as part of respecting the human rights of indigenous peoples and realizing ecological justice
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".