Multidimensional Health‐related Physical Fitness Moderates Multisensory Impairment and Cognitive Decline Among Dementia‐free Older Adults in China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Independent associations of visual, hearing and chewing functions with cognitive impairment have been demonstrated, whereas more evidence is needed for the cumulative effects of multisensory impairments. Although physical fitness is a modifiable factor in maintaining cognitive health, the specific dimensions modulate this cumulative effects remains to be addressed. Therefore, this study aimed to explore: 1) the longitudinal association between multisensory impairments and cognitive decline; 2) the moderating effect of various health-related physical fitness dimensions in this association. METHOD: Eligible participants (age≥50 years, dementia-free at baseline) were recruited from Chinese community. They completed demographic, cognitive, multisensory function, and health-related fitness assessments at baseline and 2-years follow-up. Sensory impairments was categorized using self-reported hearing, visual and chewing functioning (0, 1, ≥2 impairments). Cognitive function was measured by the 5 min-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (5 min-MoCA). Health-related physical fitness was assessed using a composite score of 3 dimensions: body shape (BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio), physical function (blood pressure, cardiorespiratory endurance), and physical fitness (gait speed, balance, flexibility, strength). Linear mixed-effects models examined the longitudinal associations between multisensory impairments and cognitive decline, and the moderating effect of multidimensional health-related physical fitness. RESULT: Of the 467 participants (mean age: 74.71±8.10 years, 67.0% female), 44.8% had no sensory impairment, 35.5% had single and 19.7% had ≥2 sensory impairments at baseline. During the 2-year follow-up, compared to the no-impairment group, the single-impairment group showed decreases in 5 min-MoCA total score (β=-1.26, p<0.001), orientation (β=-0.40, p=0.002) and memory domains (β=-0.79, p<0.001). The multiple-impairment group exhibited greater reductions in 5-min MoCA total (β=-1.36, p <0.001) and orientation (β=-0.59, p <0.001). Furthermore, overall health-related physical fitness significantly moderated multisensory impairment and cognitive decline (β=0.68 p=0.025), with flexibility, strength, gait speed and balance also having moderating effects across cognitive domains (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study revealed the association of multiple sensory impairments with cognitive decline during 2 years and the moderating effect of multidimensional health-related physical fitness indicators in Chinese dementia-free elderly, which suggests the urgency of timely identification and management of sensory impairments in older adults, and encourages individuals to adopt enriched and targeted physical activities to reduce the risk of dementia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".