Equine trypanosomiasis, a systematic review: Disease management
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Equine trypanosomiasis is a neglected protozoal disease. OBJECTIVES: To answer the study question: In equines what are the effects of disease management of trypanosomiasis on disease severity (individual level) and disease prevalence (population level) compared to no intervention? STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: Studies were identified that described management of naturally occurring equine trypanosomiasis in any country following 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses' using eight international databases (1980-2022). Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I. Data synthesis was descriptive. RESULTS: Thirty studies were included (9 case reports, 5 case series, 15 cohorts, 1 randomised non-inferiority trial). Risk of bias was 'serious' (22/30), 'moderate' (7/30), 'low' (1/30). Heterogeneity was high. Disease severity (individual): Trypanosoma evansi: all evaluated trypanocides were effective in blood parasitaemia clearance (weak evidence). Clinical relapses were common (n = 60/241 equines treated; 25%) (strong evidence). Efficacy was poor once neurological signs were present (n = 12/19 equines; 63% mortality) (strong evidence). Trypanosoma equiperdum: a combination protocol could be curative before CNS invasion (weak evidence). Tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis: Treatment of haemolymphatic disease with isometamidium or diminazene resulted in a positive clinical response (strong evidence). New/recrudescing infections were common in some regions (strong evidence). Trypanosoma vivax: treatment with high-dose diminazene had a poor clinical outcome (weak evidence). Disease prevalence (population): a multifaceted control programme was effective in reducing disease prevalence (weak evidence). Early (<2 days post-infection) treatment was more effective (weak evidence). Reported side effects were uncommon (n = 70/7888 equines; 1%) (strong evidence). Isometamidium chloride (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) can cause a shock response (13%; range 10-14; n = 14/105) (strong evidence). MAIN LIMITATIONS: Publication bias, heterogeneity, descriptive data. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term trypanocide response for haemolymphatic disease was positive but optimisation of treatment protocols is required to reduce relapse and combat neurotrypanosomiasis. Reliance on trypanocidal treatment alone is common. Side effects are rare but can be severe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.040 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.011 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.012 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".