Transatlantic Anti‐Catholic Networks, Bibles and School Disputes in the Nineteenth Century
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the later nineteenth century, British, Canadian and American Evangelicals set up transatlantic religious networks to fight the Catholic Church and to affirm their Protestant Anglophone identities. Accordingly, Evangelical militants perceived their struggle as being transnational despite the diametrically different State–Church relationship contexts—which went from full separation in the United States to British church establishment, along with the intermediary Canadian situation ( de facto disestablishment). When nineteenth‐century Anglophone States took over from the Churches the responsibility of educating the youth, militant Evangelicals seized the prospect to ensure that public schools would preserve the essence of a broad Protestant spirit. Furthermore, Evangelical activists relentlessly fought against any form of public subsidies for Catholic schools. This article focuses on the issue of education and reconsiders the wars on religion in the schools, bringing into light the similarities and parallels of said quarrels set in different national contexts.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it