Exploring Education and Cognition in Minority Communities in Southern California: Insights from the SERVE OC Randomized Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. are disproportionately impacted by Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs). Among U.S. Latinos, 11.1% are living with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 5.3% with mild dementia due to ADRD. Vietnamese Americans, one of the fastest-growing ethnic groups in the country are also at risk of ADRDs as their population ages. Now, more than ever, timely and accurate ADRD screening is necessary for early intervention. Cognitive assessments, including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), are vital for early screening of cognitive decline. However, performance may be influenced by educational attainment or cultural factors, leading to challenges in accurately differentiating cognitively impaired individuals from individuals with low educational status. This study examines the relationship between education and cognitive performance (MoCA total and domain scores) in Latino and Vietnamese participants of the community-based, Skills-Based Educational strategies for Reduction of Vascular Events in Orange County, California (SERVE OC) trial, to identify the domains most impacted by education. METHODS: Data from the SERVE OC study were used (NIMHD P50MD017366). Study participants were restricted to randomized Latino and Vietnamese individuals, ≥18 years who completed the MoCA at baseline (December 2022-April 2024) (n = 292). Multivariable regression models examined associations between education (≤8 years vs. >8 years) and MoCA total and domain scores adjusting for demographic and health factors and comparing findings across race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Participants averaged 48.15(SD:14.44) years old (Latino: 45.76; Vietnamese: 62.64), were 66.78% female and 54.11% had ≤8 years of education. MoCA scores averaged 22.40;SD=4.38 (Latino: 22.02, SD=4.41; Vietnamese: 24.74;SD=3.42). Having ≤8 years of education was significantly associated with lower MoCA total scores (cBeta=-2.79, p <0.01; aBeta=-1.71, p <0.01) and for Latinos, lower scores in visuospatial/executive function (B=-0.61;p<0.01), attention (B=-0.86;p<0.01), and language (B=-0.57;p<0.01) domains. Vietnamese participants with ≤8 years of education had lower abstraction domain scores (B=-0.85;p<0.05). Mean MoCA scores 2.72 points lower in Latino participants compared to Vietnamese participants. CONCLUSION: Study findings underscore the importance of developing, validating and utilizing culturally appropriate and comprehensive cognitive assessments that transcend culture, education, and clinical risk factors. Future studies are necessary to better validate cognitive assessments in low-education populations, globally.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".