Directions for increasing the energy efficiency of converter smelting in the conditions of PrJSC "KAMET-STEEL"
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reasoned forecasts indicate that in the next 20-30 years, blast furnace and oxygen converter production will remain the dominant link in steel production along the "blast furnace - oxygen converter" technological route due to economic profitability with a thermal efficiency of up to 90% and more. The most relevant direction for improving the steelmaking process in oxygen converters, in the conditions of the most widespread technology in world practice with combined blowing of the bath with top oxygen supply through a conventional multi-nozzle lance and neutral mixing gas (nitrogen, argon) through the bottom, is to increase the share of recycled scrap above 25%. The aim of the work is to develop and propose for implementation in the post-war period in the converter shop of PrJSC "KAMET-STEEL" on 250-ton converters of new designs of fuel-oxygen lances and energy-efficient methods for preheating metal scrap in the converter cavity, a multi-purpose dual-circuit oxygen lance, which provides the functions of energy-efficient combined blowing of the converter bath with postcombustion of exhaust gases when supersonic and sonic oxygen and nitrogen jets are supplied from above with simultaneous injection of neutral mixing gases (nitrogen, argon) through the bottom of the unit and obtaining the final iron-carbon intermediate product with increased scrap metal consumption, as well as applying slag garniture to the converter lining in order to extend the converter's operating campaign. The following new energy-efficient lance devices and methods of conducting converter melting with an increased proportion of scrap in the metal charge have been developed and proposed for implementation in the post-war period: a fuel-oxygen lance for heating scrap in the converter in a vertical position using pulverized coal fuel or natural gas, equipped with a head with 6 Laval oxygen nozzles with cylindrical fuel nozzles in each of them and scrap heating technology with the supply of PCF or NG in an annular oxygen shell; a design of a rotating fuel-oxygen lance for heating scrap in a horizontal position of the converter, equipped with a head with 10 cylindrical nozzles of the "pipe in pipe" type, placed in 5 rows along the length of the lance barrel and scrap heating technology with the supply of PCF or NG in an annular oxygen shell; energy-efficient technology of combined blowing of the converter bath with oxygen from above and neutral mixing gas (nitrogen, argon) through the bottom using a new design of a dual-circuit lance containing a double-row 15-nozzle head (5 Laval nozzles and 10 cylindrical nozzles).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".