Alzheimer's Disease brain‐ derived Extracellular Vesicles induce cognitive impairment in mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia in the elderly. The deposition of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), a product of the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and the hyperphosphorylation of Tau are the major histopathological hallmarks in the brains of AD patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid nanoparticles secreted by many cell types. EVs carry various biomolecules from their cell of origin and can cross tissue barriers. EVs have been implicated in the spread of neuropathology in AD, but their role in the behavioral outcomes associated with AD remains unclear. METHOD: EVs isolated from post-mortem brain tissue of control, AD, and 12-month-old APP/PS1 mice were injected into the hippocampi of 7-month-old wild-type (WT) mice. Memory was assessed using behavioral tests. RESULTS: Our results suggest that C57BL/6 mice injected with brain-derived EVs did not show motor or behavioral deficits. However, EVs derived from AD brains induced cognitive impairment in mice after 14 and 21 days of injection, indicating that AD-EVs and APP/PS1-EVs trigger memory deficits in WT mice. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that EVs can carry pathological molecules associated with AD and induce memory impairment that mimics features of the disease. This evidence positions EVs as an important target for AD research and highlights their potential as a novel target for therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".