Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is established that the increase in airport security has led to the introduction of special rules for the carriage of baggage. Therefore, passengers are faced with a multitude of requirements arising from both airlines and national legislation. It is found that the concept of baggage is not defined by either treaty law or EU legislation. The use of terminology for the carriage of goods emphasizes the lack of specificity of this liability. The definition of baggage depends on its destination, according to which two liability regimes apply. It is noted that neither the concepts of “baggage” nor the concept of “goods” are defined by the Warsaw Convention. However, treaty law has decided to subject them to essentially identical rules, with the exception of two situations: the right to dispose of baggage during carriage and the provisions exempting from liability contained in Article 23(2) of the Warsaw Convention. Airlines determine the characteristics of the luggage that passengers can take with them on their journey. The international mechanisms for regulating the air carrier, which is the custodian of the luggage, are studied, it has the right to use, control and dispose of it. Custody of the luggage is mutual. The passenger transfers custody of his luggage to the carrier and from that moment the passenger ceases to be the custodian, remaining the owner of the luggage. Custody is mutual, since the passenger and the carrier do not simultaneously have custody of the luggage. This doctrinal study, through the concept of custody, allows us to understand the purpose of the liability regime that is imposed on the air carrier. The conclusions focus on the importance of the Montreal Convention, which establishes strict liability of an air carrier for damage resulting from the destruction, loss or damage of checked baggage, only because the event that caused the destruction, loss or damage occurred on board the aircraft or during any period during which the carrier had the checked baggage in its custody. The carrier may be exempted from liability only to the extent that the damage resulted from an inherent characteristic of the baggage itself or its defect. As in the case of liability for personal injury, the carrier is exempted from liability only for the fault of the injured party, this is called the inherent defect of the baggage.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.033 | 0.018 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".