Neutrino Astrophysics, 2025 Update: Neutrino Masses and Mixings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Standard Model (SM) of Particle Physics is the pinnacle of the understanding of neutrino physics Deppisch (2019); Oberauer et al. (2020). It comes with a plethora of parameters, the masses and the flavour mixings, that are seemingly not fixed by any known fundamental principle. In the SM, the neutrino spectrum is simple: all neutrinos are massless. Neutrino oscillations, where neutrinos seemingly change flavour in flight, cannot be accommodated in the SM due to the mass of the neutrinos. Neutrino oscillations thus imply massive neutrino eigenstates, and the SM must be extended. Moreover, neutrino oscillation experimental data suggest that the neutrino spectrum is not hierarchical, with three massive light neutrinos and a mixing matrix exhibiting near-maximal mixing Deppisch (2019); Oberauer et al. (2020).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.049 | 0.042 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".