Towards robust and reliable multi-modal 3D segmentation of multiple sclerosis lesions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accurate 3D segmentation of multiple sclerosis lesions is critical for clinical practice, yet existing approaches face key limitations: many models rely on 2D architectures or partial modality combinations, while others struggle to generalise across scanners and protocols. Although large-scale, multi-site training can improve robustness, its data demands are often prohibitive. To address these challenges, we propose a 3D multi-modal network that simultaneously processes T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR scans, leveraging full cross-modal interactions and volumetric context to achieve state-of-the-art performance across four diverse public datasets. To tackle data scarcity, we quantify the minimal fine-tuning effort needed to adapt to individual unseen datasets and reformulate the few-shot learning paradigm at an “instance-per-dataset” level (rather than traditional “instance-per-class”), enabling the quantification of the minimal fine-tuning effort to adapt to multiple unseen sources simultaneously. Finally, we introduce Latent Distance Analysis , a novel label-free reliability estimation technique that anticipates potential distribution shifts and supports any form of test-time adaptation, thereby strengthening efficient robustness and physicians’ trust.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".