A Review of Research Progress in Rice Anther Culture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conventional rice breeding predominantly relies on hybridization techniques, with hybrid progenies typically requiring 8 to 10 generations of selfing to achieve genetically stable homozygous lines. In contrast, haploid breeding enables the derivation of stable doubled haploid (DH) lines from hybrid progeny in just one generation, substantially shortening the breeding cycle. Haploid breeding comprises two core steps: haploid induction and chromosome doubling, with efficient haploid induction being pivotal to the success of this technology. Currently, anther culture, due to its relatively mature and stable protocol, has become the primary method for obtaining haploids in rice haploid breeding. This review systematically summarizes the research progress in rice anther culture, focusing on the fundamental steps and applications of haploid breeding, the developmental history of anther culture, factors influencing anther culture efficiency and their underlying genetic mechanisms, current challenges and potential countermeasures, and future prospects for rice anther culture technology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".