In situ Observations of Ice Crystal Chain Aggregates in Winter Storms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice crystal chain aggregates—linear structures of conjoined monomer crystals—have previously been observed in strongly electrified deep convection, likely forming via electric-field-enhanced aggregation. The NASA Investigation of Microphysics and Precipitation for Atlantic Coast-Threatening Snowstorms (IMPACTS) field campaign conducted aircraft-based sampling of cold-season storms using cloud probes. These measurements reveal chain aggregates in weakly electrified winter storms. Chain aggregates were identified in 28 of 34 research flights from 2020 to 2023 (~10 % of total P-3 flight time), spanning –38 to +2.5 °C and 1.5 to 9.7 km. High-resolution CPI and PHIPS imagery revealed sublimation signatures on chain aggregates, consistent across instruments. The widespread occurrence of chain aggregates in weakly electrified clouds suggests alternative formation pathways than electric-field-enhanced aggregation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".