Single-Mode ZBLAN Optical Fiber Couplers: Minimizing Losses and Devitrification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single-mode ZBLAN optical fiber couplers with coupling ratios as high as 50%/50% are demonstrated. Thanks to a controlled argon atmosphere during tapering, low-loss single-mode couplers are fabricated with excess losses of$< $0.75 dB in the spectral range of 1500 nm - 2680 nm, and their broadband transmission is characterized. Tapers fabricated under an argon atmosphere are compared with those fabricated under ambient air, revealing differences in transmission loss and surface texture. Combinations of scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, coupled with XPS depth profiling, assign different roles to the implication of fluorine surface diffusion and reactions with adventitious oxygen, water, and carbonaceous deposits. A common denominator revealed by XPS is the interruption of the metastable ZrF$_{4}$network caused by elevated temperature processing. It is concluded that introducing a neutral blanket of inert gas to the fiber drawing oven yields optical fiber couplers with substantially reduced transmission losses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".