The Relationship Between Amyloid Burden, Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Individuals with Amnestic Cognitive Decline
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are frequently observed neuropsychiatric symptoms in amnestic cognitive decline. However, the effect of anxiety and depression on cognition in amnestic patients with and without amyloid positivity [amyloid β- (Aβ)], a key biomarker in Alzheimer's disease, has not been thoroughly examined. We evaluated the relationship between Aβ positivity and anxiety and depression on cognitive scores in a cohort of patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. METHOD: Participants with amnestic cognitive impairment who underwent Positron Emission Tomography (PET) amyloid as part of their assessment at the University Health Network Memory Clinic were included. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q). Cognition was assessed using the Toronto Cognitive Assessment (TorCA) total score. We categorized people as normal or abnormal based on age-specific normative data. Patients with a non-amnestic syndrome were excluded from the study. We used a TOBIT regression to evaluate the effect of anxiety and depression on cognition in patients who were either PET amyloid positive or negative RESULT: A total of 67 patients were included in the study: 37 with PET amyloid-positive and 30 with PET amyloid-negative results. There was no significant difference in age (PET positive mean age = 70.9 +/- 8.4 SD; PET negative mean age=69.3 +/- 6.5 SD; p = 0.37) or sex (24M;13F PET amyloid-positive; 18M;12F PET amyloid-negative; p = 0.81) among the two groups. Using a TOBIT model regression, the presence of anxiety negatively affects overall cognition scores with a p-value of 0.042. Although not significant, there appears to be a greater effect of anxiety in those who are PET amyloid-negative (positive p = 0.166; negative p = 0.06). Additionally, we found that the presence of depression is not significantly associated with changes in cognitive scores; p = 0.34 CONCLUSION: Anxiety contributes to cognitive decline in amnestic individuals, regardless of whether they have PET amyloid-positive or PET amyloid-negative scans. Although only a trend, anxiety may have more impact in those who are PET-amyloid negative.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".