Linking Patient-Reported and Clinician-Assessed Wound Status via Chatbot-Based Digital Surveillance for Wound Infection: Retrospective Observational Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Digital wound monitoring has become increasingly feasible with the widespread use of smartphones and mobile messaging platforms. Although most previous studies have focused on chronic wounds and demonstrated the clinical benefits of remote monitoring, little is known about how patients with acute wounds perceive and report wound-related changes after discharge; these factors may affect the accuracy and reliability of patient-facing digital health systems. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of patient-reported infection symptoms in predicting clinician-initiated callbacks within a chatbot-based wound monitoring platform. A secondary objective was to identify wound features most strongly associated with patient-reported infection and examine differences between acute and chronic wound populations. METHODS: This retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary medical center in Taipei, Taiwan, between June 30, 2022, and March 1, 2023, as part of an institutional digital health initiative. Within this program, adults with acute or chronic wounds voluntarily joined a chatbot-based monitoring system deployed through the Line messaging app using a bring-your-own-device model. Participants submitted daily symptom reports and wound photographs through the chatbot interface. For each submission, patient self-report of infection served as the primary predictor variable, while an independent review by a senior plastic surgeon determined the reference standard (callback vs no callback). Logistic regression and generalized estimating equation models were applied to account for within-subject correlation, with covariates including age, sex, and wound type. Analyses were performed separately for acute and chronic wounds. RESULTS: This study included 159 patients; 88 (55.3%) had acute wounds and 71 (44.7%) had chronic wounds. Across the study period, 4764 wound photographs were submitted, with a median of 5 (IQR 2-18) photographs per patient. Diagnostic performance differed by wound type. For acute wounds, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.702, with 52.6% sensitivity (95% CI 31.7-72.7) and 87.8% specificity (95% CI 84.7-90.3). For chronic wounds, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.907, with 94.9% sensitivity (95% CI 93.3-96.2) and 86.4% specificity (95% CI 85.2-87.5). In symptom correlation analyses, redness was significantly associated with patient-reported infection in the acute wound subgroup (odds ratio [OR] 3.94, 95% CI 1.97-7.90; P<.001), whereas in the chronic wound subgroup, both redness (OR 86.35, 95% CI 57.11-130.56; P<.001) and skin darkening (OR 358.55, 95% CI 244.79-525.16; P<.001) showed significant associations (all P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the differences in how patients perceive and report infection-related symptoms between populations with acute and chronic wounds. Lower diagnostic accuracy for acute wounds underscores the influence of limited experience and contextual constraints on patient self-assessment. These findings suggest that patient-facing digital wound monitoring systems should be tailored according to wound chronicity and patient experience, incorporating adaptive feedback and artificial intelligence-assisted screening to enhance patient-reported symptom interpretation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".