Sex differences in the relationship between hearing status and cognitive performance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Age-related hearing loss (HL) is associated with poorer cognition and increased risk of developing dementia. However, few studies have explored if sex affects the association between HL and cognition. We investigated the relationship between two hearing measures and performance on cognitive screening and neuropsychological tests in males and females with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHOD: Participants included 260 older adults with MCI from the COMPASS-ND study of the Canadian Consortium in Neurodegeneration in Aging. Participants were recruited from memory clinics and included normal hearing males (n = 93, mean age=70.9, mean education = 15.0, ApoE4 carrier=39%), HL males (n = 68, mean age=74.6, mean education = 15.3, %ApoE4 carrier=28%), normal hearing females (n = 63, mean age=70.3, mean education = 15.3, %ApoE4 carrier=38%), and HL females (n = 36, mean age=74.6, %ApoE4 carrier=42%). Groups did not differ in education, ApoE4 carrier status, or cardiovascular risk factors. Participants were categorized as normal hearing or HL based on a pure-tone audiometry screening (normal hearing=pure-tone threshold <25 dB HL at 2000 Hz). The Canadian Digit Triplet Test was used to measure speech-in-noise perception. Within each sex, we investigated if HL or speech-in-noise perception was associated with performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (RAVLT), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), and a facename association test. RESULT: = 5.2, p = 0.02). This difference was not observed in males and it was not observed in females when hearing dependent items on the MoCA were excluded. No effects of hearing status were observed on the more comprehensive RAVLT, BVMT-R, or Face Name Association test. Partial correlations (controlling for age) showed that speech-in-noise perception was significantly associated (p < .05) with performance on the MoCA (r = -0.17), RAVLT Immediate Recall (r = -0.19), and BVMT-R Immediate Recall (r = -0.2) in males, but not females. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate differing associations between sex, HL, and cognitive performance, with implications for cognitive assessment. The findings suggest that the presence of MCI may be over-estimated in females with HL when a simple screening test is used and highlight the importance of using comprehensive measures to assess cognition in older adults, especially those with HL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".