Medications Used Among Nonhospitalized Pregnant Women With <scp>COVID</scp> ‐19: A Prospective Individual Patient Data Meta‐Analysis in Europe and North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aim To estimate the prevalence of medication use in nonhospitalized pregnant women with COVID‐19. Methods A prospective two‐stage individual patient meta‐analysis across 10 data sources in Europe and North America studied medication use among nonhospitalized pregnant women with COVID‐19 between January 2020 and December 2022. Comparisons were made between medication use within 30 days pre‐ and post‐COVID‐19 diagnosis in this cohort and two comparator groups: pregnant women without COVID‐19 and nonpregnant women with COVID‐19. Prevalence estimates were pooled using a random‐effects model stratified by trimester. Results 50 335 nonhospitalized pregnant women with COVID‐19 were identified. The pooled prevalence of antibacterial use in the third trimester was higher post‐COVID‐19 diagnosis (6.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.5–8.4, I 2 = 94%) compared with the same women pre‐COVID‐19 (3.9%, 95% CI = 3.1–4.9, I 2 = 89%). Overall, pregnant women with COVID‐19 had higher medication use compared to pregnant women without COVID‐19, although the CIs of the prevalence overlapped. Post‐COVID‐19, antithrombotic prevalence was 4.5% (95% CI = 1.1–16.5, I 2 = 100%) among pregnant women with COVID‐19 in the third trimester, compared to 2.1% (95% CI = 1.2–3.6, I 2 = 99%) among those without COVID‐19 in the third trimester. Compared to nonpregnant women with COVID‐19, pregnant women with COVID‐19 were less likely to be prescribed analgesics, antiprotozoals, corticosteroids, psychoanaleptics and psycholeptics, and more likely to be prescribed antithrombotics, cough and cold and nasal preparations, and drugs used in diabetes across all trimesters. High heterogeneity existed in nearly all analyses. Conclusion This international meta‐analysis reveals low medication use and country‐specific variations, enhancing insight into the management of COVID‐19 in nonhospitalized pregnant women. Higher antithrombotic use post‐COVID‐19 suggests prophylactic treatment in this population, but variation between countries emphasizes the challenges of combining multinational data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".