Low Serum Zinc Level is Associated with Urinary Tract Infection in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OktavianaZn deficiency (ZnD) is a health problem with up to 17.3% of the world's population and up to 30% of those ABSTRACT To review the relationship between serum zinc (Zn) levels and urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children.Databases with published papers from 2015 up to July 2025 from PubMed Central, SpringerLink, EBSCOhost, and ScienceDirect were used in this investigation.The data were processed quantitatively using the Review Manager 5.4 software application.The risk of bias qualitatively was assessed using the New Ottawa Scale and Agency for Health Research and Quality requirements as the threshold.Four out of five studies (80%) reported that lower levels of Zn were found in children with UTIs compared to control subjects.Our analysis results showed that there was an inverse correlation between serum Zn levels and UTIs in children [p<0.0001;mean difference: -10.49, 95% confidence interval (-13.32 to -7.66)].Low serum Zn levels correlated significantly with UTIs in children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.026 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.014 | 0.024 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".