A phase-field formulation of frictional sliding contact for 3D fully Eulerian fluid-structure interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Phase-field Eulerian framework for 3D frictional contact in multiphase FSI • Overlap-based contact detection with phase-averaged slip velocity formulation • Robust enforcement of Coulomb friction in fully Eulerian simulations • Verified against Hertzian contact, sliding block, and ironing benchmarks • Demonstrated for ship–ice interaction with free-surface and contact dynamics Frictional sliding contact in hydrodynamic environments can be found in a range of engineering applications. Accurate modeling requires an integrated numerical framework capable of resolving large relative motions, multiphase interactions, and nonlinear contact responses. Building on our previously developed fully Eulerian fluid-structure formulation, we introduce a phase-field based formulation for dynamic frictional contact in three dimensions. While the structural deformations are represented through the evolution of individual left Cauchy-Green strain tensors, contact detection is achieved via the overlap of diffuse interfaces of colliding solids. Specifically, we utilize phase fraction functions to estimate the amount of overlap between the two interfaces, thereby circumventing explicit distance computations in 3D. The normal contact response is defined as a volumetric body force proportional to the overlap parameter, while the tangential response is computed using the Coulomb friction model. The direction of the friction forces are derived by projecting phase-averaged relative velocities onto the local tangent plane of colliding bodies. This proposed unified treatment enables the computation of both normal and frictional forces within a single momentum balance equation, avoiding separate velocity fields for individual solids. We present several test cases with increasing complexity to verify and demonstrate our proposed frictional contact model. Verification against the Hertzian contact problem shows excellent agreement with the analytical solution, with errors below 3 % in the traction profile. In the sliding block benchmark, the computed displacement profiles closely follow the analytical solution for point-mass systems across multiple friction coefficients. The ironing problem demonstrates stable force predictions under finite deformation, with normal and tangential forces matching kinetic friction laws. The robustness and scalability of the proposed formulation are further demonstrated through a representative ship-ice interaction scenario with free-surface and frictional sliding effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".