Periventricular gradients in axonal and myelin microstructure are present in people with multiple sclerosis having low and high disability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: MS imaging studies have demonstrated an ependymal “surface-in” distribution of white matter damage. The origin of this effect and how it impacts myelinated axons in people with MS (PwMS) is poorly understood. Objectives: To investigate (1) whether there is clear evidence of tract-wise, periventricular damage, based on fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axonal water fraction (AWF) and myelin volume fraction (MVF), in PwMS, (2) if such tissue damage is associated with T 1 -“black-hole” (T 1 -BH) and/or non-BH lesions, and (3) if periventricular quantitative MRI abnormalities are correlated with lateral ventricle (LV) and choroid plexus (CP) enlargement. Methods: We applied structural, MT-weighted, and multi-shell diffusion MRI in healthy controls and PwMS to quantify periventricular gradient damage to axons and myelin. We also evaluated the correlation between such gradient damage and both non-BH and T 1 -BH lesion loads, and brain volume changes. Results: Clear periventricular gradients exist in both AWF and MVF measures in the Association and Projection Tracts. They are strongly correlated with T 1 -BH lesion load, and with LV and CP enlargement in PwMS with EDSS > 2. Conclusions: Tract-specific, periventricular gradients in PwMS exist prominently in AWF and MVF, are strongly associated with T 1 -BH lesion loads, and correlate with LV and CP enlargement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".