THE IMPACT OF THE 2017 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY ON THE PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM: TRANSITION TO THE PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article analyses the main political and legal consequences of the transition from a parliamentary model of governance to a presidential system as a result of the constitutional amendments carried out in the Republic of Turkey in 2017. The study evaluates, in general terms, the structural changes in the distribution of powers between the executive, legislative and judicial branches, the strengthening of the presidential institution, the narrowing of the parliament’s oversight instruments over the government, and the reforms implemented in the organizational structure of the judiciary. On the basis of a comparative approach, it is argued that the new model formed in Turkey, differing from classical presidential and semi-presidential systems, can be characterised as a hybrid political system with party-presidential features.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it