The Bell Beaker phenomenon in the Northwest of Iberia: current considerations on its chronology, archaeological contexts and ceramic styles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based on a database that organizes the various categories of contexts in the Northwest of Iberia displaying Bell Beaker pottery, this text undertakes a critical analysis focusing on: (i) the contextual and stratigraphic nature as a determinant for interpretation; (ii) the geographical distribution of sites and its socio-economic and ideological expression in regional settlement during the Chalcolithic (3rd millennium BCE); (iii) the social role that Bell Beaker pottery may have played in each category of contexts - funerary and non-funerary (dolmen/mound, open settlement, walled/ditched enclosures, rock shelter/cave, and related to rock art). The stylistics of pan-European and regional pottery are also discussed. 14C dates are correlated with sites and ceramic styles, concluding the multifaceted character of the Bell Beaker phenomenon and its long-term use for more than eight centuries in this region, between the second quarter of the 3rd and the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".