The Bell Beaker phenomenon in the Northwest of Iberia: current considerations on its chronology, archaeological contexts and ceramic styles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based on a database that organizes the various categories of contexts in the Northwest of Iberia displaying Bell Beaker pottery, this text undertakes a critical analysis focusing on: (i) the contextual and stratigraphic nature as a determinant for interpretation; (ii) the geographical distribution of sites and its socio-economic and ideological expression in regional settlement during the Chalcolithic (3rd millennium BCE); (iii) the social role that Bell Beaker pottery may have played in each category of contexts - funerary and non-funerary (dolmen/mound, open settlement, walled/ditched enclosures, rock shelter/cave, and related to rock art). The stylistics of pan-European and regional pottery are also discussed. 14C dates are correlated with sites and ceramic styles, concluding the multifaceted character of the Bell Beaker phenomenon and its long-term use for more than eight centuries in this region, between the second quarter of the 3rd and the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".