Low Global Warming Potential (GWP) Refrigerants: Drivers of the Transition Towards Sustainable Air Conditioning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC) sector is undergoing a radical transformation driven by global environmental agreements, most notably the Montreal Protocol and its amendments, such as the Kigali Amendment. This transformation aims to phase down hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants with high global warming potential (GWP) and transition to low-GWP alternatives. This research highlights the key drivers of this transition – regulatory, environmental, technical, and economic – and provides a scientific analysis of the available alternatives, such as hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), natural refrigerants (e.g., Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrocarbons), and new blends. It also discusses the challenges associated with this transition, such as flammability, toxicity, cost, and the need for technical upskilling, and concludes with strategies for embracing this shift towards more sustainable air conditioning systems.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".