Seasonal and Vitamin D3 mediated methylome reprogramming of peripheral immune cells and anti-viral responses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Seasonality of inflammatory and infectious diseases is associated with several factors, including serum vitamin D fluctuations and immunological state. We longitudinally investigated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) methylomes of healthy South African adults in summer, winter, and after high-dose winter vitamin D 3 supplementation to determine whether vitamin D 3 modulates seasonal epigenetic variations and whether these underpin reported seasonal transcriptional oscillations. PBMC DNA methylomes were more variable in winter compared to summer, with winter variability decreased following vitamin D 3 supplementation. Summer and vitamin D 3 shared differential methylation of genes involved in transcription, metabolism, and epigenome regulation. Seasonal methylome changes mapped to gene targets of viral effector proteins and pathways related to pathogenic responses, including ferroptosis. Differential methylation patterns were validated against seasonal transcriptome, accessible chromatin changes, and vitamin D receptor-independent 1,25(OH)D 3 -induced transcription in three orthogonal datasets and upon in vitro HIV-1 infection. These findings reveal novel epigenetic regulation of seasonal immunity and may inform new treatments for seasonal diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".