Near infrared spectroscopy assessment of wrist-based vascular occlusion protocols
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Vascular occlusion tests (VOTs) are widely used to assess microvascular function with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), but protocols vary substantially, particularly in occlusion pressure and anatomical site. Most studies focus on the upper arm or thigh, with few studying distal limbs such as the wrist, highlighting the importance of standardizing wrist-based arterial occlusion pressures. Methods To address this gap, the present study examined the effects of two fixed occlusion pressures, 150 mmHg and 200 mmHg, applied at the wrist on the local muscle oxygenation dynamics. A total of 21 healthy participants underwent an 8-min experimental protocol comprising a 1-min baseline (no pressure), 3-min occlusion, and 4-min reperfusion period. Muscle oxygenation was continuously monitored from the thenar eminence of the occluded hand using a commercial near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device (Moxy, Hutchinson, USA). Results Reactive hyperemia responses at the two pressures were compared for five distinct metrics: amplitude of muscle oxygen saturation <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m1"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m2"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.0065</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , time to maximum <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m3"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m4"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.235</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and three first-derivative features: time to peak slope <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m5"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.694</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , peak slope value <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m6"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.019</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and full width at half maximum (FWHM) <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m7"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.46</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Statistically significant differences were observed in amplitude of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m8"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and peak slope value. However, the temporal metrics such as time to max <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m9"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , time at peak slope value, and FWHM, were not significantly different. Conclusion Overall, this study supports the potential of wrist-based AOP protocols and highlights the importance of selecting appropriate occlusion pressures and anatomical sites to optimize vascular response while minimizing patient discomfort. Given the wrist’s anatomical advantages, incorporating wrist-based occlusion into daily practice and clinical assessments may enhance its translational potential as a pressure occlusion site.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it