Assessment of factors associated with positive results using visual inspection with acetic acid or Lugol’s iodine among women screened for cervical cancer at Muhima District Hospital, Rwanda
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Cervical cancer is a critical concern to women’s health and lives globally. Visual inspection of the cervix allows identification and early treatment of the presence of a precancerous lesion. In Rwanda, little is known about factors associated with positive visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) or visual Inspection with Lugol’s iodine (VILI) results. The overall objective of this study was to assess the factors associated with positive results of VIA and VILI testing among the women attending Muhima District Hospital for cervical cancer screening. Methods: This investigation was a descriptive retrospective study conducted at Muhima District Hospital. The study population included 2,160 files of women screened for cervical cancer using VIA/VILI. The Yamane Taro formula was used to identify the necessary study sample equivalent to 339 files. Only 332 of the randomly selected files met all eligibility criteria and were used for analysis. Data were collected using a checklist developed for the purposes of this study and SPSS (version 22) was used for data analysis. Frequency distributions were calculated, and chi-square tests were used to determine the factors associated with positive VIA/ VILI. Result: The rate of VIA/VILI positive result was 18.07%. The age [AOR (95% CI) = 2.8.9, p-value of 0.00] and number of sex partners [AOR (95% CI) = 8.78, p-value of 0.03] of the participants were significantly associated with positive VIA/VILI results. Conclusion and recommendation: Positive VIA/VILI results were associated with age and number of sexual partners in this sample of 332 women. The presence of precancerous lesions can be identified through visual inspection using acetic acid or Lugol’s iodine. Screening with this approach could be useful in reducing the burden of cervical cancer, especially in low resource settings. Keywords: Cervical cancer; positive VIA; positive VIA/VILI; factors associated with positive VIA for cervical cancer
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".