Body composition and functional status in the COVID-19 recovery phase: Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: COVID-19 may be associated with unfavourable body composition changes. This includes increased fat mass and decreased muscle mass, which can lead to sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity (SO), conditions associated with impaired physical performance and reduced quality of life, among other adverse outcomes. This study investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia and SO in individuals who recovered from the first COVID-19 wave and their association with functional outcomes. METHODS: Clinical characteristics, body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis), functional status (handgrip strength [HGS], 6-min walk test [6MWT]), and lung function (spirometry) were collected. RESULTS: 37 individuals (89.2 % Caucasians, 64.9 % females, median age 48 years [IQR: 40; 60], 10.8 % > 65y) were assessed after a median of 189 days (IQR: 169; 201) post-COVID-19 infection. The combined prevalence of sarcopenia/SO was 40.5 %, was identified in 37.8 %, while a single case (2.7 %) of sarcopenia without obesity was found. The sarcopenia/SO group had lower 6MWT and phase angle, and higher prevalence of hypertension. Sarcopenia/SO was negatively associated with 6MWT performance (β: -115.35, 95 % CI: -161.57 to -69.12), COVID-19 symptoms, disease severity, and duration were not associated with sarcopenia/SO diagnosis. CONCLUSION: A high presence of sarcopenia/SO was identified and was negatively associated with health outcomes in individuals post-COVID-19. Thus, it is important to assess and address conditions associated with abnormal body composition after infectious diseases to better inform strategies for improving long-term outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".